Lack of understanding of the interlinked processes underpinning ecosystem services has led to mismanagement, with negative impacts on the environment, the economy and our own wellbeing. Managing biodiversity whilst ensuring the delivery of ecosystem services is a complex problem because of limited resources, competing objectives and the need for economic profitability. Protecting every species is impossible. We need a whole-system, evidence-based approach in order to make the right decisions in the future. Continuous temporal data, including palaeoecological, chemical, and environmental data collected from sedimentary archives will used to establish past correlations that inform ecological process-based models. We will develop Emulators that ‘learn’ from past correlations, and forecasts of biodiversity and ecosystem functions with measured uncertainties.